QNAP TVS-473e-4G 4 Bay Diskless NAS - AMD RX-421BD Quad Core CPU 4GB RAM

TVS-473e

A powerful business NAS with an AMD RX-421BD quad-core APU, up to 64GB

DDR4 RAM, and supports dual PCIe slots, USB QuickAccess and HDMI 4K output.

amd-rseries amd_radeon vm-ready citrix-ready ws12r2 hdmi

The TVS-473e is powered by a high-end AMD R-Series APU that incorporates an exceptional CPU with AMD Radeon™ R7

Graphics performance, delivering a high-performance and energy-efficient NAS solution. Built with a state-of-the-art metal design

and topped off with a stylish gold finish, the highly-capable TVS-473e provides PCIe expandability, the unique USB QuickAccess

port, HDMI 4K@ 30Hz output, and 4K H.264 video decoding and encoding acceleration for an optimum audiovisual experience.

Integrated Radeon™ R7 GPU for 4K video playback.

Two PCIe slots support 10GbE adapters, QM2 cards, USB 3.1 10Gbps cards, or wireless network cards.

Use the NAS as a PC by attaching a keyboard, mouse, and HDMI display.

Qtier™ auto-tiering technology and SSD caching enable 24/7 optimized storage efficiency.

Scalable storage supporting virtualization, containerized apps, centralized storage, backup, sharing, and disaster recovery.

RAID 50/60 is recommended for NAS with over 10 disks to strike a balance between capacity, protection, and performance.

AMD Embedded R-Series SoC built for speed

AMD Embedded R-Series SoC uses "Excavator" x86 CPU cores, and supports AMD Radeon™ 3rd-generation GCN and DDR4.

The AMD RX-421BD APU, featuring an integrated Radeon™ R7 series Graphics Processing Unit, provides the TVS-473e with the

high-end model of the AMD R-Series family. The TVS-473e also provides two PCIe Gen3 x4 expansion slots for boosting the

potential for 10GbE network performance.

AMD R-Series quad-core APU, up to 64GB RAM

Equipped with a next-gen AMD R-Series RX-421BD quad-core 2.1 GHz APU (Turbo Core up to 3.4 GHz) with up to 64GB dual

channel DDR4 RAM, the TVS-473e enables lightning-fast multi-tasking with low power consumption for up to 1106 MB/s throughput

with a 10GbE configuration. With a hardware-accelerated encryption engine with AES-NI, the TVS-473e also provides unmatched

encryption performance in its class (up to 1091 MB/s with AES 256-bit full NAS volume encryption) to boost system performance,

security, and ensuring the safety of sensitive business data stored in the NAS.

Top-class hardware engineering

The sturdy and feature-packed hardware bolsters overall system performance. Coupled with the flexible and expandable

architecture, the TVS-473e can fulfill diversified application needs.

Expands NAS potential with dual PCIe slots

The TVS-473e features a pair of PCIe (Gen3 x4) slots, allowing for installing optional single/dual-port 10GbE NICs to accelerate

applications that demand higher bandwidth such as virtualization, media workflows, and backup/restoration tasks for an

ever-growing amount of data; or a USB 3.1 Gen2 (10Gb/s) expansion card for transferring large media files to and from USB

storage. You can also insert QM2 cards or wireless network cards to extend NAS functionality.

Note: USB 3.1 performance may vary depending on hardware/software limitations and usage environment.

Greater efficiency with SSD caching and 10GbE connectivity

The TVS-473e supports the innovative QM2 PCIe card that allows for adding up to two M.2 SSDs. You can configure SSD caching,

or create a RAID 5 tiered storage along with the two M.2 SSDs in the NAS*. As these M.2 SSDs will not occupy any 3.5-inch drive

bays, the QM2 card allows you to maximize both your storage capacity and performance. There are also QM2 cards that include

10GbE 10GBASE-T connectivity to provide SSD caching with high-speed network connectivity on a single card.

*Note: M.2 SSDs for NAS and QM2 cards are sold separately.

SSD cache with Qtier™ optimization for around-the-clock acceleration

The TVS-473e features SSD caching, and also supports optional M.2 SATA 6Gb/s SSDs. Using an SSD cache boosts overall

system performance, and is perfect for improving the overall workflow of random IOPS demanding applications such as

virtualization. QNAP’s Qtier™ Technology empowers the TVS-473e with auto tiering that further helps continuously optimize storage

efficiency across M.2 SSD, 2.5-inch SSD, and high-capacity SATA drives with around-the-clock acceleration. The new Qtier™ 2.0

features IO-awareness that empowers SSD-tiered storage with a cache-like reserved space to handle burst I/O in real time, greatly

maximizing the advantages of SSD.

Note: M.2 SSD is optional. As M.2 SSD operations can easily generate excessive heat, it is recommended to install a heatsink (from QNAP or a third-party provider) on the M.2 SSD.

Easy installation and direct access to files with USB QuickAccess

With its innovative USB QuickAccess port, the TVS-473e eliminates the complications of first-time NAS installation and provides

direct access to files stored on the TVS-473e - all without needing network connectivity. Simply use a compatible cable* to connect

the TVS-473e to a PC or Mac device, and use Qfinder Pro** to configure it. It is just that easy. You can also assign access rights to

users for different folders to prevent unauthorized access to important files.

*Users must purchase a USB 3.0 A – Micro B cable or a USB 2.0 A – Micro B cable separately.
**Qfinder Pro and USB QuickAccess support Windows 8.0 (and later) and Mac OS X 10.7 (and later). Other versions may require driver installation.

Superior 4K video transcoding and dual 4K HDMI output

The TVS-473e features AMD 3rd Gen GCN architecture with breakthrough GPU performance to support 4K H.264 video decoding

and stunning 4K UHD display. It delivers superior real-time 4K and 1080p video transcoding to convert videos to universal formats

that can be smoothly played on PCs, mobile devices and Smart TVs. The TVS-473e offers dual HDMI output that support

"duplicated" or "extended" desktop configurations. You can connect the NAS to a HDTV or A/V receiver and use the media player in

HybridDesk Station (HD Station) with the QNAP remote control (sold separately) or Qremote mobile app to enjoy rich media content

and 4K @30Hz videos with the best audiovisual experience.

Note:
1. Supported video formats depend on the hardware and software specifications of the devices.
2. At least 1GB shared graphics memory is required for 4K or multiple 1080p H.264 video transcoding and playback. You can configure this setting in "Control Panel" > "Hardware" > "Shared graphics memory"
3. Playback capability and quality may vary due to factors including the original file formats/quality, hardware and software limitations, and output devices.
4. To use Linux Station desktop, Linux Station must be installed from the App Center.

Block-based iSCSI LUN: Ideal choice for virtualization storage

The TVS-473e supports block-based iSCSI LUN, and supports VMware®, Citrix®, Microsoft® Hyper-V® and Windows Server®

2012 R2, providing high-performance, reliable and affordable storage solution for virtualization environments. The TVS-473e

supports VMware VAAI and Microsoft ODX to increase performance by offloading server loading for ESXi server and Hyper-V

respectively, and supports QNAP vSphere Client plug-in and QNAP SMI-S provider with enhanced operational efficiency and

management in virtualization applications. Moreover, using the iSCSI Extensions for RDMA (iSER) protocol with a compatible

10GbE NIC helps boost data transfer performance of the TVS-473e as VMware® ESXi storage, providing an essential tool to

optimize demanding virtualization applications.

All-in-one server to host virtual machines and containers

Virtualization Station and Container Station jointly introduce a hybrid approach to virtualization. No matter what your virtualization

needs are, you can count on QNAP for complete virtualization support.

Virtualization Station allows you to run multiple Windows®, Linux®, UNIX® and Android™ virtual machines and access them via a web browser or VNC (Virtual Network

Computing). Businesses can run virtualized server applications on a single NAS without the need for additional physical servers.

Container Station integrates LXC and Docker® lightweight virtualization technologies. You can download apps from the built-in Docker Hub® to easily import/export

container apps and manage access control, enjoying the benefit of easy installation, transferability and high-efficiency.

QTS – Intelligent, intuitive and creative NAS operating system

With modularized multiple applications and functions, QTS enhances management efficiency, personal productivity, multimedia, and

much more, making your NAS experience easier, efficient, and more flexible! The new Qboost provides a NAS optimization tool that

helps accelerate applications, free up system resources, and schedule applications. The built-in App Center with hundreds of

install-on-demand apps realizes far more extensive NAS functionality. QTS breaks the barriers of devices, platforms, and geography

to bring you optimized cloud experiences and incorporates advanced features.

Optimized collaboration with seamless file sharing and sync

The TVS-473e centrally stores data and various files, and supports SMB/CIFS, AFP and NFS protocols for file sharing across

Windows®, Mac®, Linux®/UNIX® networks. Coupled with Qsync - a utility that turns a QNAP NAS into a safe, high-capacity data

center for file synchronization - any file uploaded to the TVS-473e will be made available for all linked devices, such as computers,

laptops or mobile devices. You can sync shared folders and team folders for group file sharing, greatly enhancing the flexibility of

team projects and collaboration. Files can be centrally managed using File Station, including files from mobile devices and optical

disc drives. File Station also allows you to mount a remote NAS, and transfer files between your NAS and public cloud services for greater convenience.

Extensive backup solutions for complete disaster recovery planning

QNAP provides a flexible backup and disaster recovery solution to assist organizations in routine backup jobs with greater

cost-efficiency and productivity.

Windows and Mac backup

Use the license-free QNAP NetBak Replicator utility to back up/restore Windows® files, alongside Time Machine® support for Mac® devices. It is easy, fast and convenient.

Hybrid Backup Sync

Consolidates backup, restoration and synchronization functions (using RTRR, rsync, FTP, CIFS/SMB) for easily transferring data to local, remote and cloud storage

spaces as a comprehensive data storage and disaster recovery plan.

Snapshots for Volume & LUN

Snapshots are essential for NAS data protection, and its block-level operation makes it a dependable method for mitigating the growing threat of ransomware.

The TVS-473e supports up to 256 snapshots per volume or LUN, and maximum 1,024 snapshots per NAS.

VM backup

With potentially huge storage capacities, high performance, integrated virtualization solutions, and support for snapshots that record the state of the system at any

time, the TVS-473e are perfect for backing up virtual machines.

Fast data digitalization, filing and searching to multiply your productivity

The TVS-473e is a highly-efficient data storage center with multiple productivity apps. OCR Converter extracts text from images,

helping to facilitate file organization, editing, and searching. Qfiling automates file organization - simply determine filing conditions,

set a schedule, and files will be organized and archived based on your settings. The Qsirch full-text search tool features quick file

searching and provides Qsirch Helper extension for Google Chrome™ and Mozilla Firefox® to search for files on your NAS when

using Google Search™, enabling huge productivity boosts that greatly reduce the time spent looking for files on the NAS.

Comprehensive surveillance solution providing 24/7 security

The TVS-473e provides intelligent video management system that assists you in managing real-time monitoring, video & audio

recording and playback with a wide range of customizable settings to safeguard your work environment. You can use the Vmobile

app to manage monitored channels anytime and anywhere with your mobile devices, or install the Vcam app to turn your device into

a network camera to instantly record to your NAS. The TVS-473e also supports QVR Pro (Beta) that integrates QNAP’s professional

QVR system into the QTS operating system. You can arrange a dedicated, independent storage space for surveillance data on the

NAS and leverage the advantages of scalability and storage manageability from QTS.

Flexible and economical storage expansion

You need an easy solution to increase storage capacity when running out of space. QNAP provides several ways to expand your

NAS storage as needed to accommodate data or business growth.

VJBOD

Use VJBOD (Virtual JBOD) to expand your storage capacity by using the unused storage of another QNAP NAS. Up to 8 QNAP NAS can be mounted as local disks on the TVS-473e.

Upgrade RAID Capacity

Hot swap lower-capacity drives with higher-capacity drives so that your QNAP NAS can grow with your business.

Migrate to a New NAS

Install your NAS hard drives into a larger QNAP NAS with more drive bays and retain all your existing data and configurations.

Attach Expansion Enclosures

The TVS-473e can connect with up to 2 UX-800P or UX-500P, or up to 4 REXP-1000 Pro* enclosures. Use the QTS Storage Manager to easily handle NAS capacity expansion.

More productivity applications

IFTTT Agent

A popular web automation service for combining QNAP NAS and mobile devices/apps to customize NAS applets.

QmailAgent

Centrally manage and switch between different email accounts, back up emails to the NAS, and safeguard email security and personal privacy.

Browser Station

Enable remote access through NAS browsers to access local LAN resources without going through complex VPN setting.

QIoT Suite Lite

Combines the security and large capacity of QNAP NAS while providing an IoT solution on a private cloud. It only takes three steps to quickly deploy your own IoT application.

WirelessAP Station

Install a compatible PCIe wireless network card, and use your NAS as a wireless base station for easy access to NAS services and Internet connection.

Mobile Apps

Simplifies file access, NAS management, multimedia experience, surveillance, and download tasks on mobile devices with QNAP apps.

Specifications

CPU	Processor: AMD R-Series RX-421BD quad-core 2.1 GHz processor, Turbo Core up to 3.4 GHz Architecture: 64-bit Graphics: Embedded Radeon™ R7 graphics processor Encryption Engine: AES-NI
System Memory	4 GB DDR4 (2 x 2 GB)
Maximum Memory	64 GB (4 x 16 GB)
Memory Slot	4 x SODIMM DDR4 (For dual- or quad-DIMM configurations, you must use a pair of identical DDR4 modules.)
Flash Memory	512MB DOM
Drive Bay	4 x SATA 6 Gbps
Drive Compatibility	• 3.5-inch SATA hard disk drives • 2.5-inch SATA hard disk drives • 2.5-inch SATA solid state drives
M.2 SSD Slot	2 x M.2 2260/2280 SATA 6Gb/s SSDs Note: 1. The M.2 SSD is not included as standard. 2. M.2 SSD operations can easily generate excessive heat. It is recommended to install a heatsink (from QNAP or a third-party provider) on the M.2 SSD.
SSD Cache Acceleration Support	• Drive bays 1 to 4 • M.2 slots 1 to 2 • Optional: SSD using PCIe expansion slot
Hot-swappable	Yes The following are not hot-swappable: M.2 SSDs, SSD cache drives, SSDs using PCIe expansion slots.
Gigabit Ethernet Port	4 x RJ45
USB QuickAccess Port	USB Micro-B
PCIe Slot	2 x PCIe 3.0 x4 Note: Support 10GbE LAN card, USB 3.1 Gen2 (10Gb/s) expansion card, QM2 card, or PCIe wireless network card.
USB Port	4 x USB 3.0 (Front: 1; Back: 3)
HDMI Output	2 x HDMI 1.4b (up to 3840 x 2160 resolution at 30 Hz)
Audio	• 2 x 3.5 mm dynamic microphone jacks • 1 x 3.5 mm line-out jack • 2 x speakers Note: You cannot use the speakers and the line-out jack simultaneously.
Display Panel	Monochrome backlit LCD display with Enter and Select buttons
USB One Touch Copy	Front: USB 3.0
IR sensor	QNAP RM-IR004 remote control (MCE compatible)
Form Factor	Tower
Dimensions (H x W x D)	188.2 x 199.3 x 279.6 mm 7.41 x 7.85 x 11.01 inch
Net Weight	4.9 kg (10.80 lbs)
Power Supply Unit	ATX 250W, 100-240V AC, 50/60Hz
Fan	System: 1 x 120 mm CPU: 1 x 60 mm
Operating Temperature & Relative Humidity	0 ~ 40˚C ( 32˚F ~ 104˚F ), 5 ~ 95% RH non-condensing, wet bulb: 27˚C (80.6˚F)
Security Slot	Kensington security slot

Note: Use only QNAP memory modules to maintain system performance and stability. For NAS devices with more than one memory slot, use QNAP modules with identical specifications. Warning: Using unsupported modules may degrade performance, cause errors, or prevent the operating system from starting.
* Sound Level Test Environment: Refer to ISO 7779; Maximum HDD loaded; Bystander Position; Average data from 1 meter in front of operating NAS.
Designs and specifications are subject to change without notice.

Operating System	QTS 4.3 (embedded Linux)
Supported Client Operating Systems	Apple Mac OS 10.7 or later Linux and UNIX Microsoft Windows 7, 8, and 10 Microsoft Windows Server 2003, 2008 R2, 2012, 2012 R2 and 2016
Supported Browsers	Apple Safari 7 or later Google Chrome Microsoft Internet Explorer 10 or later Mozilla Firefox
Supported Languages	Chinese (traditional and simplified), Czech, Danish, Dutch, English, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Hungarian, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Norwegian, Polish, Portuguese (Brazil), Romanian, Russian, Spanish, Swedish, Thai, and Turkish
Supported File Systems	Internal hard drive (EXT4) External hard drive (EXT3, EXT4, NTFS, FAT32, HFS+, and exFAT) Note: You can purchase exFAT driver licenses on the License Center.
Networking	TCP/IP: Dual stack (IPv4 and IPv6) Jumbo frame (failover, multi-IP settings, port trunking, and NIC teaming) Service binding based on network interfaces Squid web caching proxy
Network & Virtual Switch	TCP/IP: Dual stack (IPv4 and IPv6) Jumbo frame (failover, multi-IP settings, port trunking/NIC teaming) DHCP server and client USB Wi-Fi adapter Note: This feature does not support ad hoc networks because of safety considerations.
Security	Network access protection with auto-blocking (SSH, Telnet, HTTP(S), FTP, CIFS/SMB, and AFP) Host access control for shared folders (CIFS/SMB) AES 256-bit volume-based and shared folder data encryption 256-bit external drive encryption (AES)
Storage Management	Storage space utilization monitoring Flexible volumes and LUNs with thin provisioning and space reclaiming Disk volume types: RAID 0,1, 5, 6, 10, single, JBOD RAID hot spare and global hot spare
iSCSI (IP SAN)	iSCSI targets with multiple LUNs Note: The maximum total number of targets is 256. LUN mapping and masking Online LUN capacity expansion SPC-3 persistent reservation
Power Management	Wake on LAN Standby mode for internal drives Scheduled power on and off Automatic power on after power recovery
Access Rights Management	Multiple user creation User data importing and exporting User quota management Local user access control (AFP, CIFS/SMB, FTP, and WebDAV)
Domain Authentication	Microsoft Active Directory (AD) and domain controller LDAP server and client Domain user login (AFP, CIFS/SMB, FTP, and File Station)
myQNAPcloud	Free host name registration (DDNS) Optional myQNAPcloud SSL certificates (DDNS) Auto router configuration through UPnP Web-based file manager with HTTPS 2048-bit encryption
Qsync	File syncing across multiple devices with SSL secure connection Selective synchronization for specific folders or subfolders Team folders as file center for better collaboration Note: The maximum number of sync tasks is 32. File sharing through email links
Resource Monitor	Monitoring of NAS system resources such as CPU, memory and network Monitoring of NAS storage resources such as volumes, RAID, and disk activity Monitoring of resource usage by NAS applications Creation of extra swap space when SSDs are installed
Helpdesk	Reporting of issues to the QNAP support team, including automatic collection of system information Remote connection between QNAP support engineers and NAS for issue resolution (with user permission)
Web Administration	Smart toolbar and dashboard for system status display Dynamic DNS (DDNS) SNMP versions 2 and 3 Resource monitor
File Server	File sharing across Windows, Mac, and Linux/UNIX Microsoft networking Windows ACL Advanced folder permissions (AFP, CIFS/SMB, and FTP)
FTP Server	FTP over SSL/TLS (explicit) FXP support
File Station	Cloud drive mounting for Google Drive, Dropbox, Microsoft OneDrive, Microsoft OneDrive for Business, HiDrive, Amazon Cloud Drive, Yandex Disk and Box Remote shared folder mounting (CIFS/SMB, FTP, and WebDAV) Document viewing using Office Online, Google Docs, and Chrome extension Microsoft Office file editing using Google Docs, Sheets, and Slides
Qfiling	Auto filing Recipe function Archiving through iSCSI, USB, DVD and remote NAS Advanced settings
Transcode Management	Video transcoding (240p, 360p, 480p, 720p and 1080p resolution) Automatic video transcoding for watched folders Hardware-accelerated transcoding Embed subtitles into videos for background transcoding
Hybrid Backup Sync	Cloud storage backup to Amazon S3, Amazon Glacier, Microsoft Azure, Google Cloud Storage, Openstack Swift, WebDAV, and HKBN Cloud storage syncing with Microsoft OneDrive, Google Drive, Dropbox, Amazon Drive, Yandex Disk, Box, hubiC, BackBlaze B2, Amazon S3, and HiDrive RTRR server & client with bandwidth control Rsync server with download bandwidth control
Photo Station	Photo organization by thumbnail, list, timeline, or folder Virtual and smart albums Validity control for album sharing Photo tagging with text, colors, and ratings
Music Station	Music playing and sharing through web browsers Music streaming to multiple devices Changing of album covers through Google search or by uploading photos Internet radio (MP3)
iTunes Server	Audio and video sharing for Windows & Mac iTunes
Video Station	Video organization by thumbnails, list, timeline, or folder Virtual and smart collections Video tagging with text, colors, and ratings Video link sharing through social media and email
Virtualization Station	Virtual machine creation (Windows, Linux, Unix, and Android) Virtual machine importing, exporting, cloning, snapshot capturing, backup, and restoration Console display using HDMI output (QVM) HTML5-based shared remote console
Container Station	Support for LXC and Docker Note: Docker containers support Bridge, NAT, and Host mode. Linux containers (LXC) support only NAT. Application downloading from the built-in Docker Hub Registry One-click installation Container importing and exporting
Qsirch	Full-text search Data distribution using a bar chart Previews for photos, music, videos, PDFs, Gmail, and others Advanced search operators and search scope
Surveillance Station	Support for over 3,000 IP cameras 4 free camera licenses Note: The application supports a maximum of 72 camera channels. You can purchase additional licenses on the QNAP website. Instant playback for checking of recent events Visual aid using e-map
QVPN Service	QVPN combines an integrated VPN Server, a VPN client, and L2TP/IPSec VPN services. VPN server Secure remote access with PPTP, L2TP/IPSec, and OpenVPN services Support for a maximum of 100 clients
DLNA Server	Support for DLNA/UPnP TVs and players such as PlayStation 4 and Xbox One Support for CUE indexing file for APE and FLAC
Q’center (NAS CMS)	Monitoring of multiple NAS devices Utilization history reports Unified configuration management Monitoring of NAS devices behind NAT routers with Connect to Q’center Note: The application is available in the App Center and in virtual appliance marketplace (VMware vSphere ESXi and Microsoft Hyper-V).
OceanKTV	YouTube video streaming Sorting by artist, language, and favorites Effects such as tuning echo, key, and applause Playlist control with a mobile application
Qfinder Pro	QNAP NAS location on the same local network NAS shared folders mounting Basic setting configuration (firmware, SMTP server, and network settings) Direct connection with USB QuickAccess
App Center	Official and community software add-ons Automatic updates and notifications for new versions Repository for imported third-party content User-specified volume for storing applications
AirPlay & Chromecast	Video, photo and music streaming to Apple TV or Chromecast using the following: NAS applications: File Station, Music Station, Photo Station, and Video Station Mobile applications: Qfile, Qmusic, Qphoto, and Qvideo Note: You must install the Media Streaming add-on app from the QTS App Center.
Download Station	PC-less downloads (BitTorrent, FlashGet, FTP/FTPS, HTTP/HTTPS, QQDL, and Thunder) Note: The application supports a maximum of 500 tasks The maximum number of concurrent downloads is: 90 (30 BT/PT, 30 HTTP, 30 FTP) BitTorrent: Support for search, magnet links, private trackers, and proxy
Notes Station 3	Multi-user text editing using the collaborative editor Table creation using the spreadsheet editor Online quick preview of multimedia attachments Smart snapshot for version control
HD (HybridDesk) Station 3.13	Photo, video, and music playback on TV through HDMI Support for Chrome and Firefox Support for international keyboards and mouse input User login permissions Note: The decoding capability of the CPU and graphics card may affect playback of some video files.
Linux Station	Ubuntu and Kylin installation and usage of the NAS as a Linux-based computer Application downloading and usage from the Ubuntu Software Center Remote desktop for remote monitoring and accessing of Ubuntu Note: The application requires at least 4 GB of memory and installation of Container Station.
Qcontactz	One-way scheduled sync of contacts from multiple Google accounts Contact importing from CSV or vCard 3.0 files Contact exporting to CSV or vCard 3.0 files Duplicate contact searching and merging
IFTTT Agent	Daily task automation Social media data archiving File synchronization between the NAS and various cloud services System event notifications on Line, Skype, Gmail, and mobile phones
General Notes	Designs and specifications are subject to change without notice. Some features may vary by model. QTS does not support DRM content, Dolby, DTS, and some IPv6 services. Some data encryption features may be unavailable because of country-specific legislative restrictions.